The subject covered by the title of this paper is one very interesting to the writer, who had just enough of the excitement, hard work and hardships of The Rafting Days on the Loyalsock, to make it so.

The rafting 'days date back to about 1830--possibly some years before then: and they came into existence because the old Loyalsock was the only Highway to the Sea at that time.

If the fact that the men of those days, who must have been unaccustomed to such ruggedness as they found on the Loyalsock, attempted such a dangerous and laborious business is amazing, it must be remembered that the men who "carried on" on the Loyalsock were the old sturdy pioneers on that stream and their descendants. To say they knew real hardships and had real grit, manliness and courage, is putting it very mildly.

And those of them who knew the crooked, rocky, rugged course of the Loyalsock, with its bars, narrow channels, and sharp right-angle turns so as com­petently to steer or pilot the regular size rafts on the stream had, in addition to grit, courage and manliness, plenty of good active brain cells and quick insights.

There are but very few men left who know the conditions on the Loyalsock which made the rafting days possible; and who know the approximate locations of the saw-mills that manufactured the lumber from which the rafts were con­structed. More than likely there are but few historical data on the subject pre­served on file for the benefit of the coming generations.

That this paper may accomplish its purpose of recording conditions that will never return, the writer must link up with the Rafting Days, the Lumbering and Log Floating Days. A knowledge of the latter is necessary to an understanding of the former. The mills and rafting will be taken up first--later something of that which is known of the Log Floaters will be added.

First: It was the lumbermen and saw­mills that gave rise to rafting, and the Bird, Rogers, Molyneux, Brown and Little families, all early settlers, faced and conquered the complicated condi­tions involved in getting lumber to market over the Loyalsock.

There were numerous saw-mills on the Loyalsock in the early times and the location of the principal ones as nearly as it is possible to give it today, follows:

Three at Millview, on the Little Loyalsock, near Forksville--one on the Huckell farm at Forksville and one near the covered bridge at Forksville ¹ --one a half-mile below Forksville--two at the Brown farm, about three miles below Forksville--one on the Bryan farm, across the Loyalsock from the Brown farm--two near the old splash dam, four miles below Forksville--one at the mouth of Elk Creek, on the Loyalsock- -one near Biddle's Dam at Hillsgrove--two at Lippencott's and Huckell's farms, below Hillsgrove--one on the Lewis farm below Hillsgrove--one on the Scaife farm, above Barbours Mills--one at Barbours Mills--three at Bear Creek and vicinity-Day's Mill, below Barbours Mills--one at Stryker's known as Stryker's Mill--one at or near Woolever's Dam, known as Miller's Mill--one at the mouth of Wallis' Run--and one at Slabtown or Loyalsockville.

These mills, together with others that were erected from time to time along the Loyalsock and its vicinity, produced the lumber in Rafting Days on the Loyalsock.

Footnotes:

¹According to other statements one of these was on or near the Benjamin Little Farm. (Ed.)

The lumber from some of the mills was rafted at the mills, but in many instances the mills not being on the stream, it had to be hauled on wagons and sleds for several miles over rough, stony and rugged roads. This necessitated handling the same material several times; all very hard work.

The chief points from which the rafts were taken were Millview, Forksville, Benjamin Little farm, Charles Brown farm, the Point near the mouth of Elk Creek, Hillsgrove, Lippencott farm, Scaife's farm, Barbours Mills, Stryker's, Miller's Dam and Slabtown. And a few other points on the Loyalsock towards the end of the rafting days.

The construction of the rafts was no easy task, as they had to be built of sufficient strength to withstand the wrenching and rough going on the course of the Loyalsock. The ordinary raft was from eighty to one hundred feet in length--sixteen feet in width and one and a half feet in depth and it was pinned and boomed for a rough voyage on the Loyalsock and the River. ¹

The raft was manned by a first and second steersman and a first and second pilot; and was run with oars at the front and rear ends. These oars were stems, about twenty feet long, usually made from small hemlock trees, seasoned; to each was spiked a tapering plank from fourteen to sixteen feet long, the oar being balanced so as to work to the best advantage.

After the rafts were in shape to move, the cabin had to be furnished with sleeping and cooking equipment and provisioned. The raftsmen were good feeders and demanded good sleeping quarters as they were very active, often starting from the mouth of the Loyalsock at Montoursville at 2:00 a.m., hiking to near Forksville and returning on a raft to Montoursville on the same day. ²  Sometimes these men made these trips daily for ten days at a stretch.

In early times the raftsmen depended on the Spring rains and snow for the water on which to run their rafts, but later on, when the water was not high enough to run them on the natural rafting water, they used the water stored by the splash dam about four miles below Forksville.

Two splashes could be used for rafting purposes daily. Each splash would raise the water on the Loyalsock about three feet and the rafts running on the splashes could reach the landing at Montoursville twice each day, providing they did not "get fast" on the way down.

Footnotes:

¹  On bigger waters the rafts were larger. John H. Chatham in "Rafting Days in Pennsylvania" reports the average raft made up about Lock Haven to have been 150 to 300 feet long by 24 feet wide. The largest brought down m the early days seems to have been 320 feet long with timbers in it 115 feet in length. On the Delaware there is record of rafts made up of 16 foot lengths which were 148feet wide by 160feet long; 25 courses of boards deep, containing 180,000 feet of lumber and loaded with shingles and produce! The pilots of the big rafts with crews of 15 or 20 men referred to the creek argosies as “puprafts." (Ed.)
² The distance from Montoursville to Hillsgrove is about twenty-five miles; from Hillsgrove to Forksville possibly an additional nine. Mr. Rogers, in conversation, told me that when the men were doing this prodigious daily task, they, for the most part, did not come all the way to Forksville, but boarded rafts at the School House or Covered Bridge several miles down the creek towards Hillsgrove. He also outlined their day as follows--Leave Montoursville 2:00 a.m., arrive Covered Bridge 8 or 9 a.m., leave Covered Bridge on raft 9 or 9:30 a.m., arrive Montoursville on raft about dusk--say, at that time of year 4 or 5:00 p.m. In their tramp from Montoursville to the Covered Bridge, they followed the Creek road. (Ed.)

Some Springs there was but little water on which to run the rafts and it was a real hardship to the raftmen. At such times they either had to repin and regrub the raft and run it in the Fall, or draw the lumber from the Water in the late Fall or Winter. ¹

The rafts were often loaded with lumber, five thousand feet to the raft, and in such cases a raft would contain about thirty thousand feet of lumber. ²

Some years the raftmen would run a few thousand feet, in other years several hundred thousand feet. And they would join their rafts when they reached the river and run them as a fleet, separating them when they came to the river dams and running them as sleds.

Some of the raftmen who did not know the river secured the services of regular river steersmen and pilots; but most of the Loyalsock raftmen, who were the leading men in the business, ran their own rafts on the river.

The excitement and kick which the raftmen received when running the Loyalsock was what they liked and what they never forgot. Many of them turned back when they had finished running the rafts to Montoursville as river rafting was not as interesting and exciting as rafting on the Loyalsock. Other men in such cases took the rafts down the Susquehanna.

When the raftmen landed for the day they would relate the day's events and their experiences of other days on the Loyalsock; usually continuing these talks far into the night and. until near their breakfast time, which was about 2 a.m. After such performances they would often, as I said before, start to hike thirty miles up the Loyalsock in mud often a foot deep, then board a raft and land it in Montoursville about dark. And they would make these trips each day as long as rafting water continued, which was sometimes nearly a week.

Footnotes:

¹ Mr. Rogers explains, "repinning and regrubbing, "as follows: "In building rafts to run over the Loyalsock and the River the courses of lumber built into the raft were pinned together with pins or grubs. Lines of these pins or grubs were placed but a few feet apart for the full length of the raft, on both sides and across both ends, to hold it, the raft, together. Then runners were placed on the bottom of the raft so that it would pass over the rocks and logs like a sled.
"Several of these runners were placed on the bottom of the raft, the full length of the raft, and these runners were also pinned or grubbed to the bottom of the raft. If the water in the creek did not rise sufficiently high to run the rafts, and the rafts remained in the water till the next spring, the pins or grubs would rot, so that the raft had to be re-pinned or re-grubbed if it was to make the trip the next rafting season.
"These pins and grubs were made of very tough, hard wood as they were put to hard strains in running over darns and rocks on their way to the river."
The 'grubs" or 'grub-stakes" to which Mr. Rogers refers ran from the bottom of the raft to the top platform where binders were winched down and fastened to the grubs. This explanation is made as the terms 'grub ' and 'grubbing" have sometimes been used for poles passing through loose holes in the raft and pressed against the bottom of the stream either to aid in steering or to stop the raft when it was desired to tie up to a bank. When the grubs were cut from saplings part of the root was left on to prevent it being drawn through the hole in the runner; and of course the root part would rot easily.
The best description of how a raft was built and the best glossary of rafting terms is in “Rafting Days in Pennsylvania”' a series of papers edited by J. Herbert Walker, with a “Foreword” by Henry W. Shoemaker; Times-Tribune Co., Altoona, Pa. 1922. (Ed.)

² I quote from a letter from Mr. Rogers, giving more details: "The rafts were of different widths and lengths but were from 14 to 16feet wide and from 80 to 125feet long, depending on the lengths of the pieces of lumber that were built into the rafts. They were built in platforms or sections; and these platforms were connected with good, strong binders; the lengths and widths of the platforms determined the lengths and widths of the rafts as it took from 6 to 10 or 12 platforms to make up the length of the raft." (Ed.)

The writer had just such an experience in company with thirty or forty men--keeping up the hikes for several days at a time, and thoroughly enjoying the work and excitement. But not the blistered feet and the rough, muddy roads in those hot Spring days in the good old not so long ago.

The Itinerary of A Trip

On boarding a raft on the Little Loyalsock ¹ above Forksville, at Millview, you would soon learn that the Little Loyalsock is not the rough roaring stream that you find the Big Loyalsock is. Once on the latter, however, the excitement begins as you are soon at the Gulf, ² a sharp, rocky turn in the stream; then a short, rapid run brings you to the Dye Kettle, another sharp rock turn. Here the dye kettle, now at the Rogers' homestead, was pulled from a deep hole and again used for years at the woolen factory owned by the late John Osler and his descendants.

After passing the Dye Kettle, about two miles below Forksville, you reach the Benny Little Landing on the Little farm -- then George's Rocks, a wild spot on the stream, and the Big Dam is reached just below George's Rocks, which is four miles below Forksville, a dangerous spot and one where rafts have met with rough experiences.

The old Cape Dam site is soon passed and you are headed straight for the rocks in one of the sharpest right-angle turns on the Loyalsock, which is commonly known as Figgles' Turn; ³ and the Turn is rightly named as it gives the raftmen the figgles ⁴  when they face it on a raft, with an excitable pilot.

It was in this Turn that the writer nearly succumbed to the figgles when the pilot put the raft straight into the rocks. The front end of the raft attempted to climb the rocks and succeeded in doing so for some thirty feet up; the middle of the raft sank beneath the water up to my ears and the rear of the raft ran out of the stream onto dry land. Rogers stuck to the ship up to his ears in April ice water, but was not excited; John W. Rogers shouted to Rogers to take to the mountain.

Then the raft slid off the rocks and the middle of the raft came to the surface with Rogers still hanging on. The front end swung about into deep water and then pulled the rear end from the dry land. Then the raft was boarded by the steersmen and pilot who had put the raft into the hill and rocks, all of whom had deserted the ship a few moments before.

We lost our front oar, as it was knocked to pieces on the rocks, but managed to get the raft near to the shore and snubbed it until the lost oar was replaced.

Rogers received plenty of excitement -- a good wetting in real ice water -- and was none the worse for the experience. But he was never caught on any other raft with that pilot again.

After passing Figgles' Turn and Red Rocks, ⁵ the running is fairly good to Uncle Ben's Landing, which was at the covered bridge which spans the Loyalsock about five miles below Forksville.

Passing School-House Point just below Uncle Ben's Landing and Green's Turn near the Wheeler Green farm, we reach Biddle's Dam. Then Biddle's Turn and then the Ketchall below the Dam. This is a very dangerous section of the Loyalsock and one that caused raftmen much trouble until they understood the conditions.

Footnotes:

^l  The main stream above the Forks was too rough for rafts. (Ed.)
²  There is another spot, called "The Gulf," below the mouth of the Ogdonia. (Ed.)
³  Named after a man by the name of  Figgles who was there drowned. (Ed.)
⁴  Dialectic English for 'fidgets." (Ed.)
⁵  There are two pools on the Loyalsock called "Red Rocks," the one here mentioned and another lower down, opposite Farragut. Mr. Zimmerman has photographed the lower Red Rocks for this book. (Ed.)

While passing over Biddle's Dam the writer was knocked from one side of the raft to the other by an oar stem in the hands of an excitable pilot, and , unconscious, was slipping into the mad. boiling water, head first, when he was caught by one foot by the pilot, and brought on the raft. He was out of commission and going through that funny experience of seeing great numbers of little stars. He also suffered with a sore head for a month.

The experience happened the same day on the same trip with the same pilot who gave me the bath at Figgles' Turn, and the little stars were in plain view most of the way to Montoursville. Yet there was a kick in the experiences of that day taking everything into consideration -- the pilot, the cold bath, and the little stars -- not to be forgotten.

The Ketchall, a long pool, Lippencott's Dam, Huckell's Dam just above the mouth of the Ogdonia, Cold Watch at the Moses Lewis farm, Burrow's Dam at the narrows below the bit farm formerly owned by the Lewis brothers near the County Line, Ted's Root, where Ted Elder jumped from his raft on a root in the stream and remained there through the night -- Sandy Bottom, a spot known to most people who travel the road up the Loyalsock -- Scaife's Dam just below Sandy Bottom -- the Mud Pot -- Plunkett's Creek Turn --Degan's Dam below Barbours Mills -- Lewis' Turn ¹-- Day's or Blair's Dam above Pine Island ² and Cove Dam just below Pine Island -- the Bread and Dinner Rock -- the Long Reach -- Woolever's, sometimes called Miller's Dam -- Old Watch -- and Shore Acres ³ were all landmarks well known to the raftmen. They were not considered dangerous but care had to be exercised all the time when running this section of the Loyalsock on account of logs getting under the rafts. Often the rafts landed high and dry on some bar in the stream.

Old Watch near the Emery Cottage is dangerous at all times as the stream changes from year to year and new bars and channels appear above the Watch. To a raftman a full history of it would be interesting.

After passing Old Watch -- Crooked Riffle -- Wallis's Run -- Mountain Eddy --Big-Eddy Riffle, where the Indians shot at the settlers crossing the Loyalsock -- Axe Factory Riffle, named on account of an axe factory being erected and operated near this riffle, and the Slabtown ⁴ Bridge, we soon reach the Old Sow.

This rapid or riffle received its name from a large, sharp-edged rock which, covered with but a few inches of water when rafting time was on, lies in the sharp turn, only a few feet from the mountain, ⁵ It caught many rafts, most of which had to be cut apart before they could be freed. It was impossible to free an entire raft from the rocks once it had fastened upon them.

Careful raftmen, unless they had received satisfactory information, usually tied up before running danger spots and examined the bars and channels. And those who happened to land their rafts on the Old Sow, often remained there for the day and sometimes over night. Nor, as I said before, were they ever able to get their rafts free from the rocks without dismembering them. And the men whose raft was riding the Old Sow always received cheers from those who passed without being caught. It is recalled that Uncle Reuben Rogers made it his business to always give the raft that was stuck in the stream a bunt with his raft and thus try to free the raft.

Footnotes:

¹  Or Riffle. There are two Lewis' Riffles, the other being below Cold Watch. (Ed.)
²  There is some dispute about this island and its name. It has been suggested that Pine Island is an earlier name for Birch Island. (Ed.)
³  Shore Acres is a modern name. Mountain Pool is the correct one. fed.
⁴  Loyalsockville is the official name – it was called Slabtown because of the number of 'slabs" cut by the mills from the logs that collected in the pool and on the banks. (Ed.)
⁵  Mr. Jerome Lundy, who was with the party when the photograph used in the illustration was taken, stated that the channel in the foreground to the right was not there in rafting days. It was cut by one of the later floods.

Lower down, the Yellow Jackets, ¹ rightly named, were always a source of trouble and anxiety to the raftmen. They consisted of several bars in the riffle that were changing every year and sometimes several times a year during the rafting season. None of the men who piloted the rafts were sure of escaping the bars, and during the rafting season rafts were stranded on the bars.

Sometimes a raft would catch on one bar, twist and go nearly broadside through the Yellow Jackets. Such running was exciting and made the raftmen's eyes snap; and it gave them something to talk about and to tell the boys and old men back home when they returned.

When logs were being floated on the Loyalsock and running thickly, the Yellow Jackets were often so choked up with logs jambing on the bars and channels that there seemed to be no way through them. Many times a raft would climb upon the logs and out of the water for the greater part of its length.

Once when running with experienced raftmen, the writer was on a raft that hit one of those log jambs in the stream, and on looking back saw the steersman, who was a really portly man, down on the raft with his heels and head in the air. The raft had jolted him off his balance, while the oar stem hit him in the mouth, cutting his lips badly and rendering him partially unconscious. One laughed even though the incident was serious to a man over sixty who weighed two hundred and fifty pounds.

Below the Yellow Jackets, the Loyalsock was not as dangerous and menacing to the raftmen as above, and they usually "rested on their oars" to some extent and talked over the troubles they had had in those darn Yellow Jackets, at the Old Sow, or at Figgles' Turn, and other interesting and dangerous places on the way down from the landing.

It must not be forgotten that every trip on the Old Loyalsock on a raft was a contest with the conditions on the stream and the writer has had the cold chills creep down his spine more than once when passing Figgles' Turn, Biddle's Dam, Old Watch, the Yellow Jackets, and other dangerous places on the trip. It was most interesting to the men who had just passed through these bad places to look back and see how the next craft came through them.

Most of the raftmen were always ready to help their fellows when m trouble and would often tie up and go to where the other fellow was fast, remaining with him until he was free from his trouble whatever it might be.

The water marks ² on the Loyalsock below Slabtown were for the purpose of locating the position of the raftmen on their trips, and Hayes' Dam, Red Rocks, Lyons Bar, Broad Riffle, sometimes called Duck Riffle; Alum Rocks, the mouth of Mill Creek, and Lloyd's Dam ³ were the points in the order named, with Montoursville as the goal, to be reached by the raftman with his raft in good condition and ready for the river trip -- providing the lumber was not sold at Montoursville.

All the spots that the writer has named are still vivid in the minds of the old raftmen who are always ready to talk over rafting days on the Loyalsock and to relate their narrow escapes from drowning and other accidents.

Footnotes:

¹  Mr. Rogers. relying on the elder Mr. Rogers and Mr. Saddler, placed the "Yellow Jackets" between Loyalsockville and the Old Sow. Mr. Jerome Lundy, a resident, I think, for almost ninety years of Loyalsockville, and an authority hardly to be questioned, positively located them for the photographing party as below Red Rocks; Mr. Lundy’s location was confirmed by Dr. Charles Lose and Mr. Bryant, Mr. Lundy’s location has been accepted for this publication.
The Yellow Jackets received its name because the riffle was always choppy, turbulent and yellowish in color. "It looks like a swarm of yellow jackets, “ said someone. (Ed.)
²  Mr. Rogers explains: "Water marks were trees, rocks or buildings near the shore of the Loyalsock. They were used by but few of the raftmen.”  (Ed.)
³  Lloyds Dam -- the dam just above the end of the old Starr Island Park. (Ed.)

Log Floating

The log floaters made rafting very dangerous for the raftmen after they began their drives on the Big and Little Loyalsock about the year 1870. They continued to drive logs on the two Loyalsocks for 20 years and until the greater part of the hemlock was taken from the upper Loyalsock and its tributaries.

The logs were usually stocked during the Fall and Winter by men with teams or by the use of log slides and roll-ways down the mountains and through the gorges to points on the banks of the streams. This "stocking" was a hard and risky business. Few men were able to make any profit on their jobs, and as in all other busing, the success of the jobber depended on the faithfulness of the men who did the work.

The expense of cutting and stocking the logs was often more than the first cost of the logs in the woods and driving them to the mouth of the Loyalsock was a body killer.

As for the men employed in floating the logs, few reached their homes with any of the hard earned cash that they received when they finished their drives. But there were some interesting characters among the men employed on the drives. Some of the men were very daring; and one man the writer knew, Sandy Murdock, was exceptionally daring.

He was called "Sandy" and it was his job to break the jamb when the logs were started on the drive. At one time when he was breaking the main jamb where the logs were stocked, about three miles below Forksville, he had to run some distance after he had loosened the key-log, to get from under the high bank of logs above him; but in making this run, on logs arranged for him to get out of the way, he slipped and a bank of logs covered him in fifteen feet of water. The big timbers forced him to the bottom of the stream head foremost. There his head covered with a red cap, stuck in the sand on the bottom of the stream.

The men watching him saw him covered with the logs; but shortly after he disappeared from sight, he appeared from between the logs uninjured. His first remark, after shaking the water from his throat and nostrils was, "I've lost the d .... red cap!"

During the same year the writer was standing in a cabin near the end of the slide crossing the Brown farm near Forksville and Sandy was standing by joking with the men and three of us boys, when of a sudden a large log came through the cabin at about the heights of a man's head, taking both ends of the cabin out, and cutting off a birch sapling after it had passed through the cabin.

Directly after the log had passed, Sandy turned about quickly and remarked, "That d .... log nearly knocked my red cap from my red head." He was not thinking of how it might have taken his red head. He was utterly fearless and a striking character among the logmen.

Ransom and Meylert were the first log drivers on the Loyalsock. They drove out of Mill Creek below LaPorte and from points on the Loyalsock above the mouth of Mill Creek.

A man by the name of Fisher was the next log driver, who drove from below LaPorte and on the Loyalsock. He carried on his business for several years.

Craig and Blanchard, large operators for those days, drove logs on the Loyalsock from near LaPorte and Ringdale. They endeavored to drive their logs on the river but after driving them in the river they learned they could not drive below Sunbury without a charter. They suffered a loss of about sixty million feet of lumber-logs.

Robert McEwan, a native of Williamsport, who has lived in the city for a long tune, drove logs on the Loyalsock for years from above and below Forksville and on both Big and Little Loyalsock.

The Emery Lumber Company also drove logs on the Loyalsock. This company and Robert McEwan drove logs on the Loyalsock during the later years of the rafting days and were the last to drive logs on the Loyalsock.

Raftmen and Wages

The names of some of the raftmen will no doubt be of interest to some of you. Most of these men, however, did not attempt to run the river.

Moses Rogers, Reuben Rogers and Jonathan were the earliest raftmen on the Loyalsock and the river.

William and John Brown, Thomas, Joseph and Henry Molyneux were the early raftmen on the Loyalsock.

S. S. Rogers, J. K. Bird, John Saddler, Thomas Rogers, Joseph Rogers, Jonathan Rogers, Charles Snell, Richard Biddle, John G. Wright, John Lambert, Henry and Richard McBride, George Plotts, Benjamin Plotts, Augustus Lippencott, William, Isaac and John W. Rogers; Samuel and Elbert Bryan, John G. and John S. Brown, John Webster, John and Wheeler Plotts, were among the men who rafted after the early pioneers.

Henry Molyneux, Saddler S. Rogers, Jonathan Rogers, Charles Snell, Benjamin Plotts and John Plotts were among the later raftmen who ran both the river and the Loyalsock.

The saw-mills of the early rafting times cut from 100,000 to 500,000 feet of lumber annually, mostly with the up and down saw.

The lumber after being rafted on the river as far down as Marietta, brought from $5 to $6 a thousand feet, but in later years it brought $8, $10 and $12 per thousand feet.

The expense of rafting was considerable, the pilots receiving $5 and $3.75 per day; and the steersmen receiving $4 and $2.75 per day. For business men of these times, it is exceedingly difficult to figure how profits were made in lumbering in the early rafting days. Indeed if we go over the list of lumbermen of the Loyalsock, we shall find very few who did make profits in the business. But we must yield them admiration for their bravery and determination in attempting such a hazardous business. One thing is certain, the early lumbermen knew the real cost and value of the almighty dollar.

Rafting Itinerary

From Millview on the Little Sock Down the Main Creek to the West Branch of the Susquehanna

NOTE: This itinerary was compiled from the manuscripts of Mr. Rogers, Dr. Lose and the map of Mr. Bruce A. Hunt. In identifying the "local names" of the turns, eddies, dams and riffles, the authors, cartographer and editor had the assistance of Mr. John W. Rogers, Mr. Saddler, Mr. Elmer D. Hunt, Mr. Jerome Lundy, Mr. Daniel Sweely, Mr. William H. Bryan, Mr. A. F. Zimmerman, Mr. Harold A. Neece and Dr. Charles W. Youngman. Of the majority of the dams listed no vestige remains. In the lumber cutting days, the "chutes" at the dams were just about wide enough to permit the passage of the rafts. (Ed.)

Millview

Forksville and the Big Loyalsock Creek

Gulf

Dye Kettle (two miles below Forksville)

Benjamin Little's Landing

Mouth of Scar Run

Mouth of Ketchum Run

George's Rocks (four miles below Forksville)

Big Dam

Cape Dam

Figgles' Turn

Red Rocks

Uncle Ben's Landing (at Covered Bridge five miles below Forksville)

School-House Point

Green's Turn (near Wheeler Green Farm)

Mouth of Slab Run

Mouth of Mill Creek

Biddle's Dam

Biddle's Turn

Ketchall

Mouth of Elk Creek

Hillsgrove

Mouth of Dry Run

Lippencott's Dam

Huckell's Dam

Mouth of the Ogdonia Creek

The Gulf

Cold Watch (at Moses Lewis' Farm)

Lewis' Riffle

Burrow's Dam

Ted's Roots

Sandy Bottom (County Line)

Scaife's Dam and Riffle

Mud Pot

Plunkett's Creek Mouth and Turn

Barbours and Mouth of Big Bear Creek

Degan's Riffle and Buffalo Rock

Lewis' Turn and Riffle

Hess' Point

Day's or Blair's Dam

The Cove and Cove Dam

Birch Island

Bread and Dinner Rock

Long Beach -- Pilot's Rock at head of Reach

Mouth of Bar Bottom

Mouth of Little Bear Creek

Mouth of Dry Run

Woolever's Dam (sometimes called Miller's Dam)

Old Watch (near Emery Cabin)

Crooked Riffle

Grass Flats

Mouth of Wallis' Run

Mountain Eddy or Pool (in recent years sometimes called Shore Acres)

Big Eddy Riffle

Axe Factory Riffle

Slabtown Bridge (Loyalsockville)

Old Sow

Hayes' Dam

Red Rocks

Yellow Jackets

Lyon's Bar

Broad, or Duck, Riffle

Alum Rocks

Mouth of Mill Creek

Lloyd's Dam (above Starr Island Park)

Montoursville

State Dam (near Reading railroad crossing)

Mouth of Loyalsock

Principal Saw Mills

Millview

Forksville

Benjamin Little Farm

Charles Brown Farm

Point

Hillsgrove

Lippencott's Farm

Scaife's Farm

Barbours Mills

Miller's Dam

Slabtown (Loyalsockville)